When it comes to protecting people from pathogens and other workplace hazards, not all control measures are created equal. The Hierarchy of Controls is a systematic approach that prioritizes the most effective strategies for preventing exposure to hazards, including infectious agents.
What is the Hierarchy of Controls?
The Hierarchy of Controls is a framework used by safety professionals to implement effective control solutions. Developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), this approach organizes hazard control strategies from most to least effective:
Elimination – Physically remove the hazard
Substitution – Replace the hazard
Engineering Controls – Isolate people from the hazard
Administrative Controls – Change the way people work
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Protect the worker with PPE
Most Effective: Elimination and Substitution
At the top of the hierarchy are the most effective control measures:
Elimination involves completely removing the hazard from the workplace. For pathogens, this might mean identifying and removing infected individuals from the environment or eliminating conditions that allow pathogens to survive.
Substitution replaces a hazard with a less dangerous alternative. While challenging to apply directly to pathogens, it might involve replacing high-risk procedures with safer alternatives that achieve the same outcome.
Engineering Controls
Engineering controls are physical changes to the workplace that isolate people from hazards. These are particularly valuable for pathogen control and include:
Advanced Disinfection Technologies
Negative pressure rooms for airborne pathogens
High-efficiency air filtration systems
Physical barriers like sneeze guards
Proper ventilation to reduce airborne transmission
Administrative Controls
Administrative controls change the way people work to reduce exposure:
Developing policies for sick leave and remote work
Implementing hygiene protocols
Creating cleaning and disinfection schedules
Training employees on infection prevention
Adjusting work schedules to reduce crowding
Least Effective: Personal Protective Equipment
At the bottom of the hierarchy is PPE, which includes:
Respirators and face masks
Gloves
Face shields
Gowns and protective clothing
While essential, PPE is considered the last line of defense because it relies on proper use by individuals and doesn’t eliminate the hazard at its source.
Why The Hierarchy of Controls Works
The Hierarchy of Controls provides a structured method for addressing pathogen risks. By focusing on elimination and engineering controls first, organizations can implement more reliable protections before resorting to measures that depend on individual compliance.
For effective pathogen management, the best approach usually combines multiple controls across different levels of the hierarchy, creating layers of protection against infectious disease transmission.
To learn more, check out the information at the source – The CDC.
Ever wonder what makes the air inside buildings healthy to breathe? ASHRAE publishes standards and guidelines for indoor air quality. Here’s what you need to know in plain language.
What Are These Guidelines?
Think of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022 as a rulebook for good indoor air in commercial facilities. It sets minimum requirements for ventilation (bringing fresh air in) and other measures to keep indoor air healthy for people. The goal is simple: make sure the air we breathe indoors won’t make us sick.
Who Do These Guidelines Affect?
These guidelines apply to most buildings where people spend time, except for residential homes. They’re used when:
Building new structures
Adding to existing buildings
Making certain changes to buildings
Improving air quality in older buildings
Better Indoor Air: The Main Points Made Simple
Fresh Air Systems
The guidelines explain how to design, install, and maintain systems that bring fresh air inside and clean the air that’s already there.
Indoor Air Pollutants
The rules address things that can make indoor air unhealthy, including:
Outdoor pollution coming inside
Dust and chemicals from construction
Moisture and mold
Cigarette smoke
Outdoor Air Quality
Before designing a ventilation system, builders need to check if the outdoor air in the area is clean enough. If it’s not, they must add filters or air cleaners to remove particles and harmful gases.
Equipment Requirements
The guidelines have specific rules for air system parts like:
Where outdoor air enters the building (keeping these intakes away from exhaust fans, garbage areas, and other sources of pollution)
Surfaces that the air flows over (making sure they resist mold)
Drain pans (ensuring they don’t become breeding grounds for bacteria)
Humidifiers (devices that add moisture to the air)
There’s also emphasis on preventing Legionnaires’ disease, a serious type of pneumonia that can spread through water systems.
Air Classification
Not all indoor air is equal. The guidelines sort air into four classes based on how contaminated it might be and set rules for when this air can be reused or moved to other areas.
Determining How Much Fresh Air Is Needed
Designers can use several methods to figure this out:
A straightforward approach based on room type and size
A more complex method analyzing specific pollutants
Guidelines for systems using natural airflow (like windows)
Keeping It Clean
The rules emphasize keeping air ducts clean during construction and making sure fresh air dampers (valves that control airflow) work properly before people move in.
Ongoing Maintenance
Regular upkeep of ventilation systems is required to ensure they continue working effectively.
Checking Results
For projects using the more complex design method, testing is required after completion to verify the air is actually clean.
ASHRAE: Your Resource for Better Indoor Air
These guidelines are constantly being updated as new research emerges. While following them isn’t legally required (unless local building codes say so), they’re widely recognized as the gold standard for healthy indoor air. By understanding these basics, you can better appreciate the behind-the-scenes work that goes into making the air in your workplace, school, or public buildings safe to breathe.To fully understand the standard, you can access a readable version of the entire document by visiting ASHRAE’s Technical Resources.
The AHR 2025 conference in Orlando was an unparalleled experience for CASPR Technologies, bringing together industry leaders, innovators, and professionals from across the HVAC sector. The event served as the perfect platform for us to connect with experts, exchange ideas, and demonstrate how CASPR’s advanced technology is setting new standards for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Conversations throughout the event reaffirmed what we already knew—IAQ is no longer an afterthought. It has become a fundamental pillar of HVAC system design, implementation, and maintenance. As regulatory standards continue to evolve and awareness grows, HVAC professionals are seeking proven, data-driven solutions that ensure both safety and efficiency in every environment. Our team at CASPR Technologies was proud to be at the forefront of these discussions, driving innovation and education within the industry.
The HVAC Industry is Bigger Than Ever
AHR 2025 was a testament to the rapid growth and innovation happening within the HVAC industry. Walking the show floor, we were immersed in an environment that showcased the scale, diversity, and impact of the industry’s evolution. With thousands of exhibitors and attendees, it was clear that HVAC is a driving force behind healthier, more efficient indoor environments. The range of technologies on display—from cutting-edge filtration systems to AI-driven building automation—reinforced how IAQ is now woven into the very fabric of HVAC innovation. Whether in large-scale commercial applications, residential solutions, or specialized healthcare settings, there is an increasing demand for smarter, more effective air quality solutions. CASPR Technologies’ role in this landscape was undeniable, as we demonstrated how our continuous disinfection technology is revolutionizing the way air and surfaces are treated for safety and cleanliness.
Indoor Air Quality Takes Center Stage
One of the most notable shifts at AHR 2025 was the undeniable mainstream focus on IAQ. In past years, IAQ was often viewed as an added benefit—something to consider after primary HVAC functionalities were addressed. This year, however, it was front and center in every conversation. Whether discussing air purification, improved filtration, or next-generation pathogen treatment, professionals across the board recognized that effective IAQ solutions are essential for occupant health and safety.
Moreover, we had the opportunity to engage with engineers, facility managers, and industry decision-makers who were all eager to learn how they could integrate validated, long-term IAQ solutions into their existing systems. Our team emphasized the importance of maintaining both air and surface cleanliness, as pathogen mitigation strategies must go beyond traditional approaches to create truly safe indoor environments. As regulatory bodies continue to set stricter standards for indoor air quality, it’s clear that data-backed, continuously active solutions like CASPR’s are becoming a necessity rather than an option.
CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025 Takeaways: The Growing Importance of Pathogen Treatment
At AHR 2025, pathogen treatment emerged as one of the most pressing topics in IAQ discussions, highlighting a growing industry-wide realization: true disinfection goes beyond air filtration—it must also address surface contamination. While traditional HVAC solutions have focused primarily on airborne pollutants, there is now an increasing demand for comprehensive, real-time mitigation strategies that tackle both airborne and surface-borne pathogens.
As awareness grows around the role of pathogens in indoor environments, industry professionals are actively seeking proven solutions that don’t just capture contaminants but actively neutralize them. CASPR Technologies’ continuous disinfection technology captured the attention of engineers, facility managers, and HVAC specialists alike, who recognize that passive filtration alone is no longer enough. The ability to provide ongoing, automated pathogen reduction—without the use of chemicals or manual intervention—is becoming a critical requirement for modern IAQ strategies.
Pathogen mitigation is no longer a reactive measure—it’s a proactive necessity. Schools, hospitals, commercial buildings, and residential spaces alike are prioritizing IAQ solutions that offer real-time, continuous protection against bacteria, viruses, and mold. Professionals expressed a strong desire for technologies that are not only validated by scientific data but also seamlessly integrate into existing HVAC systems without requiring costly modifications or downtime.
The consensus was clear: effective, real-time pathogen mitigation is no longer just a competitive advantage—it’s an essential component of any serious IAQ strategy. As regulations tighten and industry standards evolve, there is a heightened expectation for continuous, scientifically backed solutions that can proactively reduce pathogens in the air and on surfaces.
ASHRAE 241 and the Need for More Data
A crucial industry discussion at AHR 2025 centered around ASHRAE 241, a new standard designed to provide guidelines for pathogen mitigation in indoor environments. While there is a growing push for IAQ advancements, one major challenge remains—the lack of published data for many existing technologies. Industry leaders stressed the importance of transparency in testing, safety validation, and efficacy reporting to ensure that businesses and consumers can make informed decisions about the technologies they implement.
“I was surprised to find out how little people knew about IAQ standards and how a lot of the industry has no testing,” stated CASPR Representative Roberto Bonilla.
CASPR Technologies has long been committed to setting the benchmark for industry standards. As part of our mission to deliver scientifically validated solutions, CASPR was the first technology to be tested for both safety and efficiency under ASHRAE 241 standards. This commitment to data-driven innovation positions CASPR Technologies as a trusted leader in the IAQ space, providing stakeholders with real, measurable results that demonstrate the true impact of our technology.
CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025: A Packed Room and Engaging Conversations
One of the highlights for CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025 was the overwhelming turnout for our paper presentation, ‘Assessing Indoor Air Quality in a Comparative Study Among ASHRAE Ventilation Standards Compared to a Control with a Continuous Active In-Room Air Cleaning Device.’ With over 120 industry professionals in attendance, the room was filled with engineers, facility managers, and HVAC experts eager to dive deeper into IAQ advancements.
The level of engagement and thoughtful questions from attendees reinforced that IAQ is no longer an afterthought—it’s a critical priority for the industry. Throughout the presentation, we discussed the importance of data-driven decision-making in IAQ solutions and how continuous active air cleaning devices can complement ASHRAE ventilation standards. The discussions that followed were not only insightful but also highlighted the growing demand for validated, real-world data on the effectiveness of air purification technologies.
Many professionals expressed keen interest in how CASPR’s continuous disinfection solutions could be integrated into their existing HVAC systems to enhance air quality and pathogen mitigation. The enthusiasm and dialogue that emerged from this session demonstrated the need for transparent testing, standardized guidelines, and proven results in IAQ technology—something CASPR is committed to delivering.
AHR 2025 provided the perfect platform to engage with industry leaders and share groundbreaking research, and we’re excited to continue these conversations as we push the boundaries of IAQ innovation.
Innovation at Every Level
Innovation in HVAC isn’t just about upgrading large-scale systems—it’s about refining and enhancing every individual component to create a more efficient and effective IAQ strategy. From advanced sensors that monitor air quality in real time to next-generation filtration technologies that capture even the smallest particulates, the industry is experiencing a wave of breakthroughs designed to optimize air circulation, purification, and disinfection. Engineers and manufacturers are focusing on smarter, more adaptable solutions that integrate seamlessly into both new and existing HVAC infrastructures, making high-quality indoor air more accessible than ever before. These advancements are not just about compliance with evolving standards—they are about fundamentally reshaping how we think about air quality in homes, offices, hospitals, and public spaces.
At CASPR Technologies, we are thrilled to be part of this movement, pioneering continuous disinfection technology that works in tandem with HVAC systems to ensure that indoor environments remain as safe and healthy as possible. Unlike traditional air treatment methods that rely on passive filtration alone, our technology actively neutralizes pathogens in the air and on surfaces, providing a comprehensive approach to IAQ improvement. Whether it’s for schools, healthcare facilities, commercial spaces, or residential buildings, our goal is to make clean, purified air the standard, not the exception. By pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in HVAC and IAQ innovation, CASPR Technologies is committed to shaping the future of indoor air quality—one breakthrough at a time.
CASPR Technologies AHR 2025: A Successful Event with a Bright Future
Reflecting on our experience at AHR 2025, one thing is clear—the future of IAQ has never been stronger. The sheer level of interest, engagement, and collaboration we witnessed at the event speaks to the growing demand for innovative air quality solutions. The industry is evolving rapidly, and businesses are prioritizing health-focused, sustainable technologies more than ever before.
For CASPR Technologies, this event was more than just an opportunity to showcase our technology—it was a chance to be part of an industry-wide movement towards better, safer indoor environments. The connections we made, the conversations we had, and the enthusiasm we witnessed all point to an exciting future for IAQ innovation.
To everyone who stopped by our booth, attended our presentation, and engaged with us in meaningful discussions—thank you. Your passion and curiosity inspire us to continue pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in IAQ and HVAC technology. We look forward to the future, knowing that together, we can redefine indoor air quality and make every indoor space a safer place to live and work.
CASPR, a One Health approach to combat any emerging pathogens indoors
In the US, One Health is an interdisciplinary approach to health usually focused in local and state public health departments, that encompasses a broad array of sectors, including public health, agriculture, animal and meat production, and environmental experts. The goal is to improve and encourage practices to improve health outcomes and reduce the threat of new, unknown pathogens, while containing exposure to the known pathogens. (1) CASPR technologies offers a comprehensive approach to improving health in our connected world by making indoor air safer, preventing spread of any new pathogen that emerges, as well as existing pathogens. Simply, CASPR is a prevention component for indoor buildings and facilities through a One Health lens.
We know that antibiotics are highly effective, with an estimated 5.7 million people (about twice the population of Arkansas) dying annually from treatable infections because effective antibiotics are not available to them. The problem is that antibiotics are overused, when they are improperly or inappropriately prescribed, and create antimicrobial resistance (AMR), in which antibiotics are not effective. About a quarter of all antibiotic prescriptions in the US are unnecessary. In addition, taking antibiotics for only a few days, or taking lower quality or the wrong antibiotics can have serious health consequences for the person and can create a path for drug-resistant organisms.
Outside of the US, lack of access to any antibiotic is a bigger problem in producing AMR. AMR is a global hitchhiker that does not recognize the borders of human, animal, and plant vulnerability. The astronomical cost of developing new antibiotics to keep pace with new mutations created with AMR is estimated to be about $1 billion (about $3.1 per person in the US) to develop 10 to 15 years to get through proper safety and efficacy testing to be marketed. Everyone is at risk from AMR, so preventing AMR by reducing indoor pathogens with a continuously active indoor room air cleaner is the best prevention from spreading pathogens indoors, known, and unknown.
In particular, improper use of antibiotics for humans that are given to animals accounts for AMR. It should be noted that more than 70% of new infectious diseases are zoonotic—that is a pathogen “jumps” from animals to humans, sometimes after mutations. Currently, many are keeping up to date on the latest news regarding Avian Flu (H5N1). Avian Flu has been recently detected in pigs, who happen to be closer to human genetics capable of spreading new respiratory pathogens than cattle or poultry. It is crucial to watch this in the coming weeks.
Without proper facility air and surface controls in animal and meat products, animal products can become contaminated and can spread resistant bacteria by food contamination. This can occur either by improper processing or cooking of animal products, or from fertilizer spraying of agricultural crops containing animal or human manure with resistant pathogens. While some producers still use human antibiotics in animals to promote growth, or in feed, these practices can result in the production of resistant organisms, and results in AMR. Therefore, AMR efforts within One Health should include livestock workers, farmers, and veterinarians, and a re-examination of pathogen reduction in air and surfaces, beyond intermittent surface cleaning or two-week fallow periods.
Evidence exists that antibiotic stewardship—a crucial One Health effort that ensures antimicrobials are used appropriately, only when necessary— reduces antibiotic consumption, slows drug resistance, and can be done without sacrificing patient and animal care. In a multicountry study, a 7-day course of antibiotics to humans can be equally effective against bloodstream infections as a 14-day regimen, and less likely to create resistant organisms. (2)
Reduction of risk from respiratory pathogens indoors is another key goal of One Health. Respiratory pathogens, like avian flu, seasonal influenza, colds, and Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) are spread through the air. Measles is particularly efficient at spreading indoors, with a 90% risk of transmission to unvaccinated individuals.
While we all want to forget the years of confusion about the COVID-19 pandemic, some key lessons can be learned from the height of the pandemic. Infectious respiratory particles (IRPs) spread infection quickly from human to human, after “jumping” species from animals to humans. Now, COVID-19 is still with us, mutating, and is still circulating, with its newest variants. We are getting ready to hit prime seasonal influenza season, with a looming watch on avian flu, and other respiratory pathogens, like RSV, Simply, the COVID-19 pandemic taught us we need to be prepared and prevent infections indoors.
So how do you prepare and prevent infections indoors? We do not know who may be infected with pathogens inside the buildings where we work, play and live. People could be recently infected but asymptomatic, releasing IRPS continuously, and needing a continuous cleaning process to match the continuous release of those pathogens. A crucial One Health effort for antimicrobial stewardship promotes the appropriate use of antibiotics to humans, only when necessary, and this slows drug resistance, while assuring healthy outcomes of patients. Preventing spread indoors with CASPR prevents the spread of AMRs, too, consistent with One Health concepts.
AMR is an important One Health effort because of the global burden of antimicrobial resistance, now and in the future. In 2021, 4.71 global deaths were attributed to drug-resistant bacterial pathogens, directly responsible for 1.14 million deaths. (2, See also FIGURE 1, Reference 3) And this is expected to continue, with about a 70% increase in the number of annual deaths directly attributable to AMR by 2050, reaching 1.91 million in 2050. Within the next 25 years, more than 39 million people (about twice the population of New York) are predicted to die from antibiotic-resistant infections over the next 25 years. (2)
Figure 1, Reference 3
This is why continuously reducing IRPs in the air and on surfaces will help to reduce whatever pathogens emerge, as well as existing pathogens. In addition to antibiotic controls, facility control measures for continuous removal of indoor pathogens are a One Health approach, with CASPR’s continuously active indoor air cleaning.
CASPR is a One Health Strategy in Preventing Spread of AMR Pathogens
In September 2024, a global AMR conference was held. Just a few minutes before the start of this meeting, the prime minister from Barbados stated, “Imagine what happens if you get an infection from going into the garden or having a baby or going to the dentist…These are things that can bring your life to an end within 48 to 72 hours if the particular antibiotics that you’re using [are] not effective.” It seems like prevention of these AMR outbreaks with CASPR, a continuously active indoor air cleaner, is the continuous vigilance needed, consistent with a One Health approach to protection of humans, animals, plants, and the environment.
American Medical Association, Medical News & Perspectives ed. Kate Schweitze Associate Managing Editor: UN Meeting Highlights Antimicrobial Resistance “Epiphany”—Lack of Antibiotic Access Is a Key Driver. Published Online: November 8, 2024. doi:10.1001/jama.2024.21
GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators, Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance 1990–2021: a systematic analysis with forecasts to 2050. Lancet, 2024; 404: 1199–22.
Recent reports about avian flu, particularly the H5N1 strain, have emerged, with more than 40 cattle facilities testing positive since March 2024, as of this writing. About 20 percent of retail milk tested is positive for the virus.1 Therefore, avian flu poses a significant threat to animal health and a potential threat to human health. Global experts have been closely monitoring this threat, now reality, since 2020.
While only one symptomatic case of avian flu among a farm worker in Texas was investigated last month, experts are closely watching to monitor other farm workers with surveillance testing, and assessment of any symptoms of illness. Concerns about the potential threat of human-to-human transmission has been expressed, with the CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention) now testing wastewater supplies to detect any spikes in flu that could be attributed to Avian Flu. 2
Originally detected among poultry and wild birds, avian flu virus or highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) spreads rapidly, expanding its reach, infecting various animal species. During fall and spring wild bird migrations, avian flu cases can be expected to rise, particularly in-flight migration zones. This is why the US government allocated 200 million dollars towards a rapid response to the spread of avian flu this month. 3
How quickly the virus has spread this year has surprised scientists, with this outbreak believed to have begun in December 2023. The origins of bird flu trace back to China’s Guangdong region in 1996, where a new highly pathogenic strain, H5N1, was first identified in a farmed goose. By 1997, the first human deaths from avian flu transmitted among farm workers were reported in Hong Kong. Since then, it has expanded its reach, infecting other animal species. Low pathogenic avian influenza, initially non-fatal in wild birds, can mutate into different strains of HPAIs in farm-raised poultry. HPAIs can, cause severe illness and death among birds. 4
Even in remote regions of the world, there is evidence for the global spread of avian flu. These include HPAIs found among wild birds in Antarctica’s Northern Weddell Sea. Veterinary pathologists, like Lineke Begeman, have been at the forefront, braving harsh conditions to analyze the impact of the virus on wildlife. 4 Their efforts provide crucial insights into the virus’s trajectory and its potential consequences. For more than two decades, global and US national public health authorities, defense and civil authorities have worked on avian flu preparedness and response.
How it Spreads: Bird flu viruses can infect humans when a sufficient amount of the virus enters a person’s eyes, nose, or mouth, or when inhaled. This transmission can occur through airborne virus particles, such as droplets or potentially dust, that are breathed in by a person. Additionally, transmission can occur when a person touches a surface contaminated with the virus and then touches their mouth, eyes, or nose. 5
Human infections with bird flu viruses typically occur following close, prolonged, and unprotected contact with infected birds. In such instances, individuals may encounter the virus through direct exposure to infected birds or their bodily fluids, such as saliva, mucus, and feces.5 Within poultry facilities, feces may dry out and become airborne during activity. These can be inhaled by workers in some facilities. Protective measures, such as gloves or other personal protective equipment (PPE), are essential to reduce the risk of infection during contact with infected birds or contaminated surfaces.
Prevention
Preventing avian flu requires avoiding exposure to sick or dead animals and birds, especially poultry. Protective measures, such as wearing gloves, masks or face shields and other appropriate PPE, are essential when farm workers are handling potentially infected animals. Intermittent cleaning and sanitation of surfaces is important. 5 Continuously operating engineering products can provide an extra layer of protection for reducing both air and surface contamination, like CASPR (Continuous Air & Surface Pathogen Reduction). Hazard and risk reduction is the goal of prevention activities customized for facilities.
Impact and Response
While human cases of avian flu remain rare at this writing, the mortality rate among those people infected is disturbingly high, exceeding 50%. However, the virus’s impact on animals has been devastating, leading to the slaughter of millions of farmed birds every year since 2020, mostly in Asia. In addition, avian flu is causing significant mortality among wild bird populations. 4 To assist in mitigation strategies, the US Department of Agriculture shared data, obtained through routine collections of wild bird samples, that identifies areas with an increased AIV risk. 6
Efforts to prevent avian flu include enhanced surveillance, biosecurity measures on farms, and vaccination programs with some strains to poultry in high-risk areas. However, challenges remain, including the reluctance of some nations to implement vaccination, due to trade barriers, loss of income to farmers and producers when birds found to be positive are slaughtered, and concerns about disease detection in vaccinated flocks.
Since March, the detection of H5N1 among dairy cows in the United States underscores the need for comprehensive monitoring and response strategies for the remainder of this year, and beyond. While the transmission of the virus to humans remains rare, the potential for animal to human transmission highlights the importance of vigilant surveillance and implementation of public health measures to limit the spread.
The Importance of Monitoring Spread
All the commercial milk supply in the U.S. comes from farms that participate in the Grade “A” milk program and follow the Pasteurized Milk Ordinance (PMO), ensuring safety. Pasteurization and diversion or destruction of milk from sick cows are crucial measures in the federal-state milk safety system.
USDA Image: See https://www.aphis.usda.gov/livestock-poultry-disease/avian/avian-influenza/hpai-detections/livestock
As of May 10, the USDA states that 46 facilities have tested positive, with 1 in 5 retail milk samples analyzed being positive for the virus on May 2, 2024. 7 The virus has been reported to spread from cattle to other mammals, namely a few barnyard cats and a raccoon, in addition to poultry and wild birds. This impacts food safety and security.
Evidence to date indicates that adaptation of the HPAI A(H5N1) virus has occurred, since it has become established among cows. What worries many epidemiologists is the risk to public health, should the virus continue to affect other parts of the food supply, such as pigs. Unlike cattle, pigs often are infected with other influenza A viruses and are genetically closer to being able to infect humans. A few of these influenza viruses have already adapted and infected humans. Should these pig viruses mutate or exchange genetic material with H5N1, a more virulent strain of the virus or even a pandemic strain is possible. Therefore, extra measures are needed to limit the spread of HPAI to pigs, and to carefully monitor pig populations for HPAI.
Recommendations and Conclusion
The FDA recommends against consuming raw milk or raw milk products, particularly from cows showing symptoms of illness or exposure to avian influenza viruses. Producers are urged to take precautions when discarding milk from affected cows to prevent further spread. Destruction of poultry in affected facilities is made with appropriate state and national food/agricultural safety workers and veterinarians.
For the last two decades, public health authorities have been developing preparedness plans to combat avian flu as a global health concern. Now, these are being utilized, along with the mobilization of funding for US activities. 8 The recent, rapid emergence and spread of HPAI is a cause for concern, necessitating urgent action for monitoring and surveillance of poultry and pig production farms, while escalating adherence to safety protocols. While human to human transmission has not been reported with this HPAI, efforts are underway and continuing to monitor and limit any additional mutations of HPAIs among animals that could potentially impact humans. The CDC asks health officials to maintain flu surveillance this summer despite transmission of seasonal flu viruses dropping to minimal levels in the Northern Hemisphere. Even in the off-season, staying alert of any signs of human-to-human spread will minimize the risk 9 of H5N1 transmission. Continued collaborative action among food production facilities, public health authorities, communities and civil authorities are essential to safeguard both the food supply and human susceptibility to any further HPAI mutations.
The timeline of H5N1’s global spread 4
1996: Detected in poultry in Guangdong, China
1997: First human deaths reported in Hong Kong
2005: Spilled over into wild birds in a major way; new strains emerge
2020: A strain emerges that can sustain in wild bird populations year-round
2020-22: Becomes endemic in wild bird populations
2021: Arrives in North America
2022: Detected in South America
2024: Confirmed in Antarctica
Resources
Bird Flu Outbreak in Dairy Cows Is Widespread, Raising Public Health Concerns | Infectious Diseases | JAMA | JAMA Network
In a proactive move to prioritize student and staff safety, the Meriwether County School System in Georgia embarked on a journey to enhance disinfection protocols and reduce absenteeism ahead of the new school year. This initiative involved the installation of cutting-edge disinfection technology units from CASPR Technologies across the district, aimed at safeguarding against pathogens, mold, and viruses like influenza and SARS-CoV-2.
Phase One: Implementing CASPR Transit Units
The journey began back in 2021 when CASPR Transit units were installed on Meriwether’s entire bus fleet, effectively reducing absenteeism among bus drivers and improving overall student and driver health.
Mickie Samper, Director of Transportation, noted a significant shift, “with the CASPR Transit units, we have seen a reduction in bus driver absenteeism. In addition, we had a driver comment it was the first time in 30 years of driving a school bus that she didn’t have a bus full of sick kids, and a year when she herself didn’t get sick.”
A stark contrast to previous years, drivers were reporting fewer instances of sick students and themselves remaining healthy. The CASPR Transit units’ success in enhancing the health and well-being of both drivers and students sets the standard for transportation safety in schools nationwide.
Phase Two: Extending Protection to School Facilities
Building on the success of the CASPR Transit units, the district collaborated with CASPR distributor BioShark to deploy a comprehensive array of CASPR units throughout school, athletic, and administrative facilities.
“CASPR’s technology and products have been proven safe and effective against some of today’s most virulent pathogens,” said Shannon Grube, Principle of BioShark. “As a distributor of CASPR to K-12, we believe this technology is a game-changer for protecting students and staff and helping to improve absenteeism. The beautiful part about the technology is that it continuously and safely disinfects without chemicals, even while people are present.”
The units utilize CASPR’s proprietary Natural Catalytic Converter Innovation (NC2I) technology, converting humidity into safe levels of gaseous hydrogen peroxide to continuously disinfect air and surfaces, boasting an impressive efficacy rate of up to 99.96%. After Bioshark highlighted the efficacy and safety of CASPR technology, the district moved forward with confidence, recognizing the transformative potential of these units in safeguarding the health of students and staff across various facilities.
Phase Three: Observing Positive Impact
As the new academic year commenced, teachers and staff members like Rebekah Cook noticed immediate improvements in air quality and overall cleanliness. Cook, an asthma sufferer, highlighted the relief of breathing easier in classrooms equipped with CASPR technology, anticipating positive effects on student attendance and well-being:
“I have asthma and breathing isn’t always easy. Since the installation of the air filtration system, I can breathe! My chest doesn’t feel heavy, and I have not had to use my rescue inhaler while setting up my classroom for the new school year. The entire school feels cleaner and smells fresher. I can’t wait to see how this system helps our students and see the positive impact it has on attendance!”
As the school year progresses, Cook eagerly anticipates witnessing firsthand the positive impact of improved air quality on student attendance and overall well-being. The implementation of CASPR technology not only promises a brighter future for students but also reinforces our commitment to providing a safe and healthy learning environment for all.
Acknowledging Success and Recognition
The district’s proactive approach to health and safety has garnered recognition, with Superintendent Dr. Robert Griffin expressing pride in the substantial reduction in absenteeism.
“The implementation of CASPR Technologies has been a game-changer for our district,” Dr. Griffin remarked. “The notable decrease in absenteeism underscores the positive impact of prioritizing the health and safety of our students. We are committed to fostering an environment where students can thrive academically and feel secure in their learning spaces.”
Amidst the educational landscape, the Meriwether County Board of Education stood out as a beacon of excellence, its commitment to student welfare recognized and celebrated at the GSBA Conference where they were honored as an “Exemplary School Board.” Their unwavering dedication to prioritizing student welfare through initiatives and actions have set a standard of exemplary leadership in the education community.
Looking Ahead with CASPR Technologies
The success of Meriwether School District’s journey illuminates the transformative impact of CASPR Technologies in creating healthier learning environments. With a commitment to innovation and safety, CASPR continues to lead the way in advanced indoor air quality and surface disinfection solutions, empowering educational communities like Meriwether to foster environments where students can thrive.
About Meriwether School District
Meriwether School District stands as a beacon of innovation in education, embracing change and prioritizing student welfare at every turn. The recent adoption of CASPR Technologies district-wide reflects the district’s unwavering dedication to creating safe and conducive learning environments for all.
About CASPR Technologies
CASPR Technologies stands at the forefront of indoor air quality and surface disinfection innovation, delivering products and services that redefine standards for health and wellness. From hospitals to educational institutions, CASPR’s solutions are transforming indoor environments, ensuring safety and well-being for all occupants.
While not a specific ailment itself, Disease X represents a hypothetical scenario – a forerunner of unknown infectious agents that could unleash havoc on humanity.
Dive into an illuminating Q&A session with the Bus and Transportation Manager from Kingman Unified School District, Tandy Janson, as she shares her firsthand experience with the implementation of cutting-edge technology. Gain valuable insights into the reactions from both students and staff and unravel the workings of this transformative technology. Situated in the vast expanses of Arizona, Kingman Unified School District operates 62 buses, serving a sprawling area of 3,300 square miles. Join us in exploring the intersection of innovation and education in this insightful conversation.
Bus & Transportation Manager, Tandy Janson
Q1: How did you find out about CASPR Technologies?
“A Bus Summit Seminar.”
Q2: When choosing a solution to disinfect your transportation fleet, what were you looking for?
“Something that was high quality, and easy to use.” Q3: How was the CASPR Technology explained to you?
“It was explained in detail. I was sold after the first three sentences.”
Q4: Why do you think CASPR is the best solution for disinfection on your buses?
“This is a continuous cleaning product. It doesn’t need to be manually done. There’s no physical labor. It’s disinfecting when the bus is full and running.”
Q5: How was your experience with the sales and service team at CASPR Technologies?
“Very helpful, they answered all my questions and were never pushy. Simply told me to look at the data they provided. They’d also update me whenever I wanted and their confidence in their products sold me.”
Q6: Now that you have chosen CASPR Technologies to protect your drivers and students in route, what benefits do you see?
“The drivers, monitors, mechanics, and office staff can all feel the difference in our building. Those with allergies don’t have red, itchy eyes, sneezing, or coughing when they are inside the facility or the buses. I don’t spend enough time with the students to gather enough insight but if it’s anything like our indoor unit, I’m excited to see it.”
Q7: Are you happy with CASPR Technologies? (Sales, Prices, Service, Performance & Support)
“Yes, I look at this as a one-time purchase with the occasional upkeep on the filters that are not even close to the original purchasing price. Over an extended period, the cost would be well worth it as we wouldn’t have to keep purchasing chemicals and towels only to just throw that stuff away and repurchase it again right after. Also, my drivers won’t have to worry about purchasing gloves or getting chemicals on their hands. Overall, we are saving more money with CASPR than without it.”
Q8: What could you say about CASPR Technologies that would be helpful for a school director that is looking for disinfection solutions in their schools?
“Keep track of the time you pay your employees to sanitize the bus twice a day or three times a day, depending on how many schools they service along with the cost of the products to sanitize. Then compare it to the initial cost of CASPR products plus the 2-year replacements. For us, savings started within the first year. If the savings start within 1 to 2 years, it’s worth the money. The CASPR system is continuous, and if you replace the filters and cells every 2 years…It’s forever. It saves us time, labor, and money, while providing a healthier environment.”
Q9: Would you choose CASPR again and why?
“Yes, I have spoken with the assistant superintendent and finance from the transportation department, and we are going to try to get CASPR throughout every one of our schools. We are going to do what we can each year to make sure that our schools have the system throughout to protect our students, our teachers, and our staff.”
Wrapping up this insightful Q&A, it becomes apparent that CASPR Technologies is a notable player in the field of advanced indoor air quality and surface disinfection solutions. With a strong dedication to promoting health and wellness, CASPR Technologies actively contributes to shaping the educational landscape through its innovative products and services. By consistently mitigating the presence of harmful microorganisms and enhancing air quality, CASPR empowers educational institutions to establish safer and healthier indoor environments for both students and staff. Let’s collectively welcome a future of education where well-being takes center stage.
Pastor Luter says that Franklin Avenue’s mission statement is simple: To spiritually impact our families, neighborhoods, city, and state by Exalting the Savior, Equipping the Saints, and Evangelizing the Sinners. On August 29, 2005, the church faced its first big disaster when Hurricane Katrina flooded the original church with nine feet of water. In December 2018, the congregation moved into a brand new 3,500 seat sanctuary with separate areas for children and youth worship services. Currently, Franklin Avenue Baptist Church is still growing in members which have left the church finding new ways to adapt to any potential future disasters.
Because of Katrina, their New Orleans services could be seen live over the internet every Sunday morning for their displaced members. This has proven useful to this day given the pandemic preventing the older generation and the immunocompromised from attending in-person service. Thanks to CASPR Technologies this will no longer be an issue. Ever evolving, FABC has recently decided to partner with CASPR Technologies and take a proactive approach against future pandemics. From Pastor Luter, “We are really excited about the investment we made to continuously clean our air and surfaces for our congregation and staff. CASPR gives us the confidence to open our doors without worry.” After COVID-19, FABC knew action to clean the air would be just as important as disinfecting surfaces. CASPR Technologies provided the perfect solutions as our products continuously disinfect the air and surfaces 24/7.
So, what does this mean for the congregation? It means opening the doors without the fear of spreading illnesses, germs, and having an overall peace of mind. Now, members won’t have to worry about chunky, big equipment taking up a bunch of space. Instead, CASPR Technologies provided a solution that is fully automated, requires little maintenance, discreet, and easily installed into the church’s HVAC system. If the air is on, CASPR is behind the scenes continuously disinfecting and protecting the church.
What changes can be expected with this partnership? Accessible education when members and guest enter the church that will show a short clip on our display screens located throughout the building on how the technology works with door clings at all main entrances of the church. These door clings will provide a QR code for members to scan to learn more about the technology.
Now, what exactly is this new technology? CASPR is an innovative “no-touch” disinfection technology that utilizes a Natural Catalytic Converter Innovation (NC2I) process to create gaseous Hydrogen Peroxide out of ambient air. Hydrogen Peroxide is nature’s natural disinfectant and CASPR recreates that same organic process indoors making it very effective against viruses, bacteria, mold, fungi, VOC’s and even odors. By treating and destroying pathogens at the cellular level on a continuous basis CASPR eliminates the periodical approach, human error and extra labor needed to truly disinfect our indoor environment.
Franklin Avenue Baptist Church is not exempt from facing its fair share of changes and obstacles. However, this has not dimmed the hope of the congregation and the staff. Pastor Luter, since his election, has maintained the church’s vitality. Furthermore, thanks go out to the Trustees, Finance, and Leadership Teams for their proactive thinking and diligent steps in ensuring the safety of everyone at FABC. Prioritizing investment in CASPR Technologies and ensuring the safety of the community remains a top focus, made achievable through the generous support of faithful donor.
After more than three years, SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19, is not the prevailing health concern of Americans. On May 11, 2023, at 11:59 pm, the Public Emergency due to COVID-19 is officially over. (1) What have we learned in these three years? Can’t we just go back to the way it was before the epidemic began in 2020? The answer is NO.
We must go forward. There is no going back. We have learned a lot about respiratory infections in this time period. We have learned enough to provide better respiratory protection for both patients and healthcare workers in healthcare facilities. In the healthcare setting, we learned that bloodborne pathogen standards are necessary, but insufficient, to protect both patients and healthcare workers. We learned that more must be done.
The grim statistics let us know the problems. By April 2023, more than 1.6 million Americans have died due to COVID-19, pneumonia, and influenza since the start of the epidemic. (2) All of these are respiratory diseases. The toll among healthcare workers has been high as well, with increased risks of exposure, and higher deaths than the general
population. (3)
There are numerous guidelines, including droplet guidelines, just not airborne transmission guidance…YET. But there will be. Are you ready? While OSHA has yet to release a standard, increased vigilance in infection control is one significant outcome of COVID-19. Early indicators are that OSHA is likely to include air quality in healthcare facilities. We have learned that enclosed spaces carry a higher risk for the acquisition of respiratory infections. Meanwhile, the Association of Heating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) released an updated position paper on infectious aerosols in October 2022. We are trying to catch up.
Numerous organizations are addressing this issue, including the National Academy of Sciences, Engineering and Medicine. Enclosed spaces in health care settings, and also in transportation, public buildings, and meatpacking industries are being considered.
Droplet transmission guidelines are not enough, we have learned. Aerosol transmission is a concern. For healthcare settings, one nosocomial infection outbreak reported was among six healthcare workers, three of whom did not have direct contact with a child or his mother. No aerosol-generating procedures were performed, and the child was asymptomatic. The child did not cough, sneeze, cry or talk. Yet, the healthcare workers were infected even though more than six feet away from the source of the infected child patient.
All six wore surgical masks and most were at a distance of 6 feet or more without any direct contact. Three did not contact any shared equipment or surfaces. (4) What happened? We have learned that air contains an infective virus, and when the viral load is enough to accessible tissues like the nasal membranes, aerosols can transmit this respiratory disease, COVID-19, from a distance. Droplet or contact transmission just cannot explain this away. Air quality is important.
Dr. Margaret Scarlett is a public health expert in infectious diseases and infection control. Retired from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as a Commissioned Corps Officer of the US Public Health Service, Dr. Scarlett is now a consultant to healthcare, hospitals, and outpatient health facilities. Focusing on improved health outcomes over the last 20 years, she has provided leadership, developed and implementing strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality, due to preventable illness. In addition to the US Department of Health and Human Services, Dr. Scarlett provides expertise to the World Health Organization, eight Ministries of Health, the US Department of State, the US Agency for International Development, numerous states and local health departments, and CDC. Click here to learn more.
National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (CDC). Provisional Death Counts for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/index.htm
Lin S, Deng X, Ryan I, et al. COVID-19 Symptoms and Deaths among Healthcare Workers, United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 2022;28(8):1624-1641. doi:10.3201/eid2808.212200.
Goldberg L, Levinsky Y, Marcus N, Hoffer V, Gafner M, Hadas S, Kraus S, Mor M, Scheuerman O. SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Health Care Workers Despite the Use of Surgical Masks and Physical Distancing-the Role of Airborne Transmission. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021 Jan 27;8(3):ofab036. doi: 10.1093/ofid/ofab036. PMID: 33732749; PMCID: PMC7928680.
Dr. Margaret Scarlett is a public health expert in infectious diseases and infection control. Retired from the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), as a Commissioned Corps Officer of the US Public Health Service, Dr. Scarlett is now a consultant to healthcare, hospitals, and outpatient health facilities. Focusing on improved health outcomes over the last 20 years, she has provided leadership, developed and implementing strategies to reduce morbidity and mortality, due to preventable illness. In addition to the US Department of Health and Human Services, Dr. Scarlett provides expertise to the World Health Organization, eight Ministries of Health, the US Department of State, the US Agency for International Development, numerous states and local health departments, and CDC.