Ductwork layout with building plans illustrating ASHRAE ventilation design.

Beyond Fresh Air: Why ASHRAE’s Ventilation Standards Need Active Air Cleaning

by Blog

The COVID-19 pandemic fundamentally changed how we think about indoor air quality. Suddenly, terms like “air changes per hour” and “MERV ratings” entered everyday conversations. But as we’ve learned more about airborne pathogen transmission, a critical question has emerged: Is bringing in fresh outdoor air enough to keep us safe? Recent research suggests the answer is more nuanced than we might expect. While ASHRAE ventilation standards provide essential foundations for healthy buildings, they may not be sufficient on their own for rapid pathogen control—especially when every minute counts for infection prevention. 

The Gold Standard: ASHRAE Ventilation Rate Procedure 

ASHRAE has long been the authority on indoor air quality standards. Their Standard 62.1, particularly the Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP), serves as the backbone for ventilation design in buildings across North America. 

What Makes the VRP Valuable 

The VRP isn’t just about pumping in outdoor air—it’s a comprehensive system that addresses multiple aspects of indoor air quality: 

  • Tailored Ventilation Rates: Rather than a one-size-fits-all approach, the VRP prescribes specific outdoor air rates based on space type and occupancy. A computer lab has different requirements than a science laboratory or office space, reflecting the unique contamination sources and occupancy patterns of each environment. 
  • Holistic System Design: The standard goes far beyond ventilation rates, covering everything from building envelope design to prevent moisture problems, proper filter specifications (MERV-8 or higher), and strategic placement of outdoor air intakes to avoid contamination sources. 
  • Smart Air Management: Perhaps most importantly, the standard classifies indoor air into four categories based on contamination levels, with strict rules about where that air can be recirculated. This prevents contaminated air from spreading throughout a building. 
  • Continuous Evolution: ASHRAE standards are living documents, regularly updated based on the latest research and real-world performance data. 

The Fresh Air Limitation: New Research Reveals Critical Gaps 

While the VRP provides excellent general indoor air quality, recent research by ASHRAE members Brett Duffy and Dr. Margaret Scarlett has revealed a significant limitation when it comes to rapid pathogen control. 

Their study compared traditional ASHRAE ventilation methods against continuous active in-room air cleaning devices (CA-IRAC) using bacteriophage MS2—a surrogate for dangerous pathogens like SARS-CoV-2 and influenza viruses. 

The 4-Minute Problem 

The results were striking. In the critical first four minutes of exposure: 

  • Active air cleaning: 70% pathogen reduction 
  • ASHRAE 62.1 ventilation: Just 1.5% reduction 
  • Enhanced ventilation (Standards 170 & 241): 32-50% reduction 

Why does this matter? Because respiratory infections can occur within minutes of exposure to infectious particles. By the time traditional ventilation achieves significant pathogen reduction, exposure may have already occurred. 

Dilution vs. Elimination: A Fundamental Difference 

The research highlights a crucial distinction: outdoor air ventilation dilutes pathogens by mixing contaminated indoor air with clean outdoor air and exhausting the mixture. Active air cleaning devices eliminate pathogens by destroying them within the space. 

Think of it this way: dilution is like adding clean water to muddy water—you reduce the concentration, but the mud particles are still there. Elimination is like filtering out the mud entirely. 

The Path Forward: Complementary Strategies to ASHRAE Ventilation

This doesn’t mean we should abandon fresh air ventilation—quite the opposite. The research suggests that the most effective approach combines both strategies: 

Why We Still Need Fresh Air 

Outdoor air ventilation remains essential for: 

  • Removing carbon dioxide and body odors 
  • Controlling humidity levels 
  • Diluting chemical contaminants from building materials and furnishings 
  • Providing the psychological benefits of fresh air 
Where Active Air Cleaning Excels 

Continuous active air cleaning devices provide: 

  • Rapid pathogen reduction when it matters most 
  • Consistent performance regardless of outdoor air quality 
  • Energy efficiency compared to heated/cooled outdoor air 
  • Protection against both known and unknown airborne threats 

Practical Implications for Building Operators 

For facility managers and building operators, this research suggests several actionable steps: 

Immediate Actions: 
  • Assess current ventilation performance against ASHRAE standards 
  • Consider portable or installed active air cleaning devices for high-risk spaces 
  • Ensure existing ventilation systems are properly maintained and commissioned 
Long-term Planning: 
  • Design new systems with both adequate ventilation and active air cleaning 
  • Monitor emerging ASHRAE guidance on integrated approaches 
  • Consider spaces with high transmission risk (meeting rooms, cafeterias, classrooms) as priorities for enhanced air cleaning 

Looking Ahead: The Future of Indoor Air Quality 

The pandemic taught us that indoor air quality isn’t just about comfort—it’s about health and safety. As ASHRAE continues to evolve its standards based on emerging research, we can expect to see greater integration of active air cleaning technologies alongside traditional ventilation approaches. 

The goal isn’t to choose between fresh air and air cleaning—it’s to use both strategically. Fresh air provides the foundation for healthy indoor environments, while active air cleaning provides the rapid response needed for pathogen control. 

In our interconnected world, where people spend up to 90% of their time indoors, this dual approach may well become the new standard for truly safe and healthy buildings. 

 

This analysis is based on research by ASHRAE members Brett Duffy and Dr. Margaret Scarlett, published in peer-reviewed studies on ventilation effectiveness and pathogen control. Building operators should consult with qualified HVAC professionals when implementing changes to ventilation or air cleaning systems. 

Engineers reviewing building design plans to ensure compliance with ASHRAE Standards for indoor air quality and safety.

Bridging the Gap: How ASHRAE Standards Lead Building Codes and the Case for Early Adoption

by Blog

The relationship between ASHRAE standards and building codes represents one of the most significant dynamics in modern construction and building performance. While building codes establish the minimum legal requirements for construction, ASHRAE standards often serve as the technical foundation that eventually shapes these codes. However, a critical lag time exists between when ASHRAE publishes updated standards and when these improvements are incorporated into enforceable building codes—creating both challenges and opportunities for forward-thinking building owners and designers. 

The Standards-to-Code Pipeline: Understanding the Lag 

ASHRAE continuously develops and updates technical standards based on the latest research, technology advances, and lessons learned from field experience. These standards undergo rigorous peer review and public comment periods before publication. However, the journey from ASHRAE standard to enforceable building code follows a complex path that can span several years. 

The process typically unfolds in stages: ASHRAE publishes or updates a standard, which then must be reviewed by code development bodies such as the International Code Council (ICC). These organizations evaluate the standard for incorporation into model codes like the International Building Code (IBC) or International Energy Conservation Code (IECC). Even after inclusion in model codes, individual jurisdictions must adopt these updated codes—a process that varies significantly by location and can add additional years to implementation. 

This lag time means that newly constructed buildings designed to meet only current code requirements may already be using outdated technical approaches by the time they’re completed. The disconnect becomes more pronounced in rapidly evolving areas like energy efficiency, indoor air quality, and building resilience. 

ASHRAE Standards Early Adoption Advantage: Extending Facility Useful Life 

Building owners and designers who choose to implement current ASHRAE standards ahead of code requirements position themselves for significant long-term advantages. Early adoption serves as a form of future-proofing that can substantially extend a facility’s useful life and market relevance. 

When buildings incorporate advanced standards before they become mandatory, they avoid the costly retrofits that competitors may face when codes eventually catch up. This proactive approach also positions buildings to meet evolving tenant expectations, regulatory requirements, and market demands. Properties designed with forward-looking standards often command higher rents, attract quality tenants more easily, and maintain their value longer in competitive markets. 

Early adoption also provides operational benefits. Buildings designed to exceed current codes typically demonstrate superior energy performance, resulting in lower operating costs throughout their lifecycle. Enhanced indoor air quality and comfort features improve occupant satisfaction and productivity, creating value that extends far beyond initial construction costs. 

ASHRAE 62.1: The Ventilation Standard That Shapes Indoor Air Quality 

ASHRAE Standard 62.1, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality,” exemplifies how standards evolve to address emerging health and performance concerns. This standard has undergone numerous updates to incorporate new understanding about ventilation effectiveness, contaminant control, and the relationship between indoor air quality and occupant health. 

The standard’s evolution reflects growing awareness of indoor air quality’s impact on productivity, health outcomes, and overall building performance. Recent updates have addressed issues like demand-controlled ventilation, natural ventilation credits, and enhanced filtration requirements—improvements that often don’t appear in building codes until years after ASHRAE publication. 

Buildings designed to current 62.1 requirements rather than older code-mandated versions typically provide superior indoor environments that support occupant wellbeing and organizational productivity. This translates to reduced sick leave, improved cognitive performance, and enhanced overall satisfaction among building users. 

ASHRAE 241: The Game-Changer for Infection Control 

ASHRAE Standard 241, “Control of Infectious Aerosols,” represents a paradigm shift in how buildings address airborne disease transmission. Developed in response to lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, this standard provides comprehensive guidance for reducing infection risk through building design and operation. 

Standard 241 addresses ventilation, filtration, air cleaning, and other strategies for controlling infectious aerosols in buildings. It establishes equivalent clean airflow rates and provides frameworks for assessing and improving infection control in various building types and spaces. 

If applied to all new construction, Standard 241 would create buildings significantly more resilient to airborne disease transmission than those meeting only current building code requirements. The standard addresses gaps in traditional codes that focus primarily on comfort and basic air quality rather than specific infection control measures. 

Early adoption of Standard 241 principles offers building owners a competitive advantage in attracting tenants who prioritize health and safety. In a post-pandemic world, buildings that can demonstrate superior infection control capabilities often command premium rents and experience lower vacancy rates. The standard also positions buildings to adapt more easily to future health crises or evolving public health requirements. 

ASHRAE Standards Strategic Implementation: Making the Case for Excellence 

The decision to exceed current code requirements requires balancing additional upfront costs against long-term benefits. However, the most successful projects often find that implementing advanced ASHRAE standards during initial design phases adds minimal cost compared to retrofitting later. 

Design teams can leverage current standards to create buildings that remain relevant and valuable for decades rather than becoming obsolete as codes evolve. This approach requires collaboration between owners, designers, and contractors to identify which standards offer the greatest long-term value for specific project types and markets. 

The key lies in viewing ASHRAE standards not as optional enhancements but as insights into the future of building performance requirements. By implementing these standards before they become mandatory, building owners and designers create facilities that lead rather than follow market expectations. 

Conclusion: ASHRAE Standards Leading the Future of Building Performance 

The lag between ASHRAE standard updates and building code implementation creates opportunities for forward-thinking building owners and designers to create superior facilities that maintain their value and relevance longer. Standards like 62.1 and 241 demonstrate how technical excellence can translate into operational advantages, occupant satisfaction, and market competitiveness. 

Rather than viewing current building codes as targets to meet, successful projects increasingly treat them as minimum starting points while using current ASHRAE standards as guides to excellence. This approach creates buildings that serve occupants better, operate more efficiently, and adapt more readily to evolving requirements and expectations. 

The question for building owners and designers isn’t whether to exceed current codes, but rather which standards offer the greatest value for creating facilities that will thrive throughout their intended lifespans. In an era of rapid technological advancement and evolving understanding of building performance, early adoption of ASHRAE standards represents sound risk management and strategic positioning for long-term success. 

Gloved hand holding petri dish used to study microbes for understanding the pathogen elimination hierarchy in disinfection.

Understanding Pathogen Elimination: A Hierarchy of Resistance

by Blog

Effective pathogen elimination and control is critical in healthcare settings, food safety, and water treatment. As the lab results demonstrate, different microorganisms exhibit varying levels of resistance to disinfection methods. This resistance hierarchy has important implications for infection prevention strategies. 

The Pathogen Elimination Hierarchy 

The test results reveal a clear progression from “easiest to kill” to “hardest to kill” pathogens: 

  1. Enveloped Viruses (Easiest to Kill) 
    • Enveloped viruses like SARS-CoV-2 (coronavirus) and H1N1 influenza have a lipid membrane that’s vulnerable to disruption. These pathogens are relatively fragile and typically respond well to most disinfection methods. Importantly, enveloped viruses are often much more contagious than their non-enveloped counterparts, which is part of what makes them particularly dangerous in community settings. Their higher transmissibility means they can spread rapidly through populations despite being relatively easy to eliminate with proper disinfection. 
  2. Bacteria (Moderate Difficulty) 
    • Moving up the difficulty scale, bacteria require more robust disinfection approaches. This category includes common pathogens such as MRSA (Staph infections), Escherichia coli, Listeria, Pseudomonas (Pneumonia), and Enterococcus faecalis. 
  3. Fungi (Higher Difficulty) 
    • Fungi present greater challenges due to their cell walls and adaptive capabilities. Examples shown in the results include Candida Auris and Trichophyton interdigitale (Tinea Pedis or athlete’s foot). 
  4. Non-enveloped Viruses (Very Difficult) 
    • These viruses lack the lipid envelope that makes their enveloped counterparts vulnerable. They show significant resilience to many disinfection methods. This category includes MS2 Bacteriophage (commonly used as a coronavirus surrogate) and Feline calicivirus. Non-enveloped viruses are generally less contagious than enveloped viruses, which makes them safer to work with in laboratory settings. Their reduced transmissibility, combined with their greater resistance to disinfection, makes them ideal candidates for surrogate testing. 
  5. Bacterial Spores (Hardest to Kill) 
    • At the far end of the spectrum, bacterial spores like Clostridium difficile (C. difficile) represent the ultimate challenge for disinfection technologies. 

The Cascading Effectiveness Principle 

A fundamental concept in disinfection strategy is the “cascading effectiveness principle”: if your disinfection method can effectively eliminate pathogens higher on the difficulty scale, it will generally be even more effective against those lower on the scale. 

This is why the ASHRAE 241 standard uses MS2 bacteriophage as a surrogate organism for testing. As a non-enveloped virus, MS2 is significantly more resistant to disinfection than many common pathogens like coronaviruses. When a disinfection system demonstrates effectiveness against MS2, you can be confident it will perform well against less resistant organisms. 

Practical Implications 

Understanding this hierarchy offers several advantages: 

  • Strategic Disinfection Planning: Target your approaches to address the most resistant organisms relevant to your environment. 
  • Cost-Effective Solutions: By knowing which pathogens pose the greatest challenge, resources can be allocated efficiently. 
  • Validation Methods: Using resistant organisms like MS2 bacteriophage as testing surrogates provides confidence in disinfection system performance. 
  • Comprehensive Protection: A system proven effective against non-enveloped viruses or bacterial spores will likely provide robust protection against the full spectrum of microbial threats. 

Pathogen Elimination Hierarchy

By understanding this hierarchy, infection control professionals can implement more effective strategies that account for the full spectrum of microbial threats. 

For facilities implementing disinfection technologies, this cascading effectiveness principle offers reassurance: a system validated against highly resistant organisms like MS2 bacteriophage or C. difficile spores will almost certainly provide exceptional protection against less resilient pathogens. 

This science-based approach to pathogen control ensures more comprehensive protection and better outcomes in healthcare environments, food processing facilities, and other settings where infection prevention is critical. 

Diagram illustrating the Hierarchy of Controls: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, and Personal Protective Equipment (PPE).

The Hierarchy of Controls: A Systematic Approach to Pathogen Management

by Blog

When it comes to protecting people from pathogens and other workplace hazards, not all control measures are created equal. The Hierarchy of Controls is a systematic approach that prioritizes the most effective strategies for preventing exposure to hazards, including infectious agents. 

What is the Hierarchy of Controls? 

The Hierarchy of Controls is a framework used by safety professionals to implement effective control solutions. Developed by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), this approach organizes hazard control strategies from most to least effective: 

  1. Elimination – Physically remove the hazard 
  2. Substitution – Replace the hazard 
  3. Engineering Controls – Isolate people from the hazard 
  4. Administrative Controls – Change the way people work 
  5. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) – Protect the worker with PPE 

Most Effective: Elimination and Substitution 

At the top of the hierarchy are the most effective control measures: 

  • Elimination involves completely removing the hazard from the workplace. For pathogens, this might mean identifying and removing infected individuals from the environment or eliminating conditions that allow pathogens to survive. 
  • Substitution replaces a hazard with a less dangerous alternative. While challenging to apply directly to pathogens, it might involve replacing high-risk procedures with safer alternatives that achieve the same outcome. 

Engineering Controls 

Engineering controls are physical changes to the workplace that isolate people from hazards. These are particularly valuable for pathogen control and include: 

  • Advanced Disinfection Technologies 
  • Negative pressure rooms for airborne pathogens 
  • High-efficiency air filtration systems 
  • Physical barriers like sneeze guards 
  • Proper ventilation to reduce airborne transmission 

Administrative Controls 

Administrative controls change the way people work to reduce exposure: 

  • Developing policies for sick leave and remote work 
  • Implementing hygiene protocols 
  • Creating cleaning and disinfection schedules 
  • Training employees on infection prevention 
  • Adjusting work schedules to reduce crowding 

Least Effective: Personal Protective Equipment 

At the bottom of the hierarchy is PPE, which includes: 

  • Respirators and face masks 
  • Gloves 
  • Face shields 
  • Gowns and protective clothing 

While essential, PPE is considered the last line of defense because it relies on proper use by individuals and doesn’t eliminate the hazard at its source. 

Why The Hierarchy of Controls Works 

The Hierarchy of Controls provides a structured method for addressing pathogen risks. By focusing on elimination and engineering controls first, organizations can implement more reliable protections before resorting to measures that depend on individual compliance. 

For effective pathogen management, the best approach usually combines multiple controls across different levels of the hierarchy, creating layers of protection against infectious disease transmission. 

To learn more, check out the information at the source – The CDC.

Crowded indoor space with ASHRAE logo, representing efforts toward better indoor air quality.

Breathe Easy: ASHRAE’s Guidelines for Better Indoor Air

by Blog

Ever wonder what makes the air inside buildings healthy to breathe? ASHRAE publishes standards and guidelines for indoor air quality. Here’s what you need to know in plain language. 

What Are These Guidelines? 

Think of ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2022 as a rulebook for good indoor air in commercial facilities. It sets minimum requirements for ventilation (bringing fresh air in) and other measures to keep indoor air healthy for people. The goal is simple: make sure the air we breathe indoors won’t make us sick. 

Who Do These Guidelines Affect? 

These guidelines apply to most buildings where people spend time, except for residential homes. They’re used when: 

  • Building new structures 
  • Adding to existing buildings 
  • Making certain changes to buildings 
  • Improving air quality in older buildings 

Better Indoor Air: The Main Points Made Simple

Fresh Air Systems 

The guidelines explain how to design, install, and maintain systems that bring fresh air inside and clean the air that’s already there. 

Indoor Air Pollutants 

The rules address things that can make indoor air unhealthy, including: 

  • Outdoor pollution coming inside 
  • Dust and chemicals from construction 
  • Moisture and mold 
  • Cigarette smoke 

Outdoor Air Quality 

Before designing a ventilation system, builders need to check if the outdoor air in the area is clean enough. If it’s not, they must add filters or air cleaners to remove particles and harmful gases. 

Equipment Requirements 

The guidelines have specific rules for air system parts like: 

  • Where outdoor air enters the building (keeping these intakes away from exhaust fans, garbage areas, and other sources of pollution) 
  • Surfaces that the air flows over (making sure they resist mold) 
  • Drain pans (ensuring they don’t become breeding grounds for bacteria) 
  • Humidifiers (devices that add moisture to the air) 

There’s also emphasis on preventing Legionnaires’ disease, a serious type of pneumonia that can spread through water systems. 

Air Classification 

Not all indoor air is equal. The guidelines sort air into four classes based on how contaminated it might be and set rules for when this air can be reused or moved to other areas. 

Determining How Much Fresh Air Is Needed 

Designers can use several methods to figure this out: 

  • A straightforward approach based on room type and size 
  • A more complex method analyzing specific pollutants 
  • Guidelines for systems using natural airflow (like windows) 

Keeping It Clean 

The rules emphasize keeping air ducts clean during construction and making sure fresh air dampers (valves that control airflow) work properly before people move in. 

Ongoing Maintenance 

Regular upkeep of ventilation systems is required to ensure they continue working effectively. 

Checking Results 

For projects using the more complex design method, testing is required after completion to verify the air is actually clean. 

ASHRAE: Your Resource for Better Indoor Air 

These guidelines are constantly being updated as new research emerges. While following them isn’t legally required (unless local building codes say so), they’re widely recognized as the gold standard for healthy indoor air. By understanding these basics, you can better appreciate the behind-the-scenes work that goes into making the air in your workplace, school, or public buildings safe to breathe. To fully understand the standard, you can access a readable version of the entire document by visiting ASHRAE’s Technical Resources. 

 

A person holding a smartphone displaying their IAQ monitoring system, connected to a smart thermostat for real-time indoor air quality control.

The Evolution of IAQ Monitoring: Past, Present, and Future

by Insights

The Early Days: Temperature-Only Monitoring 

If you go back in time, the original indoor air quality (IAQ) sensors only measured temperature and were usually tied into the thermostat to control the HVAC system. These basic IAQ monitoring sensors/thermostats served a single purpose: maintaining comfortable temperatures in indoor spaces. They operated on simple principles detecting when temperatures deviated from set points and triggering heating or cooling responses accordingly. 

The Smart Revolution 

Those basic sensor/thermostats have evolved dramatically into smart devices that now include other measurements like humidity and allow remote control of HVAC operation from users’ phones. This transformation has been driven by several factors: 

  • Advancements in sensor technology making multi-parameter monitoring affordable 
  • The rise of IoT (Internet of Things) connectivity enabling remote access 
  • Increased awareness of how humidity affects both comfort and health 
  • Consumer demand for more convenient control options 

Today’s smart thermostats don’t just react to temperature changes—they learn occupancy patterns, adjust to user preferences, and even integrate with other smart home systems. 

The Integration Era: Connecting to Building Management Systems 

Simultaneously, stand-alone sensors have evolved to include humidity monitoring and are often tied to building management systems (BMS) to control the operation of the HVAC system, adjusting both temperature and humidity. This integration allows for: 

  • Centralized monitoring of multiple parameters across entire buildings 
  • Automated responses to changing conditions 
  • Data collection for trend analysis and system optimization 
  • Improved energy efficiency through precise environmental control 

More advanced sensors are incorporated in demand ventilation control systems that manage the amount of outside air being brought in based on the amount of carbon dioxide measured in a space. This approach recognizes that CO₂ levels serve as a proxy for occupancy and potential air staleness. 

Today’s Comprehensive IAQ Monitoring 

The current generation of IAQ sensors offers unprecedented visibility into indoor environments. Modern systems can monitor: 

  • Temperature: Still fundamental for comfort and energy efficiency 
  • Humidity: Critical for preventing mold growth and maintaining comfort 
  • Carbon Dioxide (CO₂): Indicator of ventilation adequacy and occupancy 
  • Particulate Matter (PM2.5, PM10): Tiny particles that can cause respiratory issues 
  • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs): Gases emitted from products and materials that can cause health problems 
  • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO₂): Often from combustion sources like gas stoves 
  • Ozone (O₃): Can enter from outdoors or be generated by some office equipment 

When these comprehensive sensors are integrated with the BMS, the system can make real-time adjustments to airflow, temperature, filtration, and even the percentage of outside air to maintain optimal indoor air quality. 

The Missing Piece: Pathogen Monitoring 

So, if I can put a sensor in my facility that measures temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, particulate matter, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and then tie that to the BMS to make adjustments to air flow, temperature, and even percentage of outside air, what else would I need? 

The major piece of IAQ that has been overlooked for many years prior to the release of ASHRAE 241-2023 is the effect of pathogens. We don’t want VOCs in our air because they make us sick. Similarly, we should be concerned about the amount of airborne pathogens like different variants of the flu virus or even COVID-19. 

Unfortunately, there are currently no commercially viable sensors that can be utilized to monitor specific pathogens in the air in real-time. Many sensors provide indexes that are derived from other measurable factors to show the likelihood of people getting sick from each other, but nothing measures the actual pathogen concentration directly. These proxy measurements include: 

  • Particulate matter in respirable size ranges: May contain pathogens 
  • CO₂ as an indicator of exhaled breath: Higher levels suggest more potential for person-to-person transmission 
  • Relative humidity: Some pathogens survive better in very low or very high humidity 

The Path Forward: Integrated IAQ Monitoring Approaches 

This gap in direct pathogen detection highlights why it is important for facilities to: 

  1. Design to baseline conditions: Maintain environments that are designed to handle the normal pathogen level they expect 
  2. Implement adaptive strategies: Have measures in place to deal with spikes in pathogen levels, such as during flu season 
  3. Layer protective measures: Combine ventilation, filtration, temperature and humidity control, and when necessary, active disinfection devices 
  4. Monitor surrogate parameters: Track the indicators we can measure to estimate pathogen risk 
  5. Stay informed: Keep up with emerging technologies that may eventually allow direct pathogen monitoring 

Emerging IAQ Monitoring Technologies 

Research laboratories and technology companies are working on several promising approaches to real-time pathogen detection: 

  • PCR-on-a-chip technologies: Miniaturizing the same technology used in COVID testing 
  • Spectroscopic methods: Identifying pathogens based on their light absorption profiles 
  • Biosensors: Using biological elements to recognize specific pathogens 
  • AI-powered multi-parameter analysis: Using machine learning to identify patterns in multiple IAQ parameters that correlate with pathogen presence 

The Future of Intelligent IAQ Monitoring

As IAQ sensing technology continues to evolve, we’re moving closer to comprehensive monitoring systems that can help maintain truly healthy indoor environments. While direct pathogen detection remains elusive in commercial applications, the integration of multiple IAQ parameters with intelligent building management systems represents a significant step forward in protecting occupant health and well-being. 

The future of IAQ monitoring will likely combine advanced sensing technologies with predictive analytics to not just react to poor air quality, but to anticipate and prevent it—ultimately creating spaces that actively promote health rather than merely avoiding harm. 

AHR 2025 logo sign at the entrance of the Orlando conference, welcoming attendees from the HVAC industry.

CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025: Elevating Indoor Air Quality in the HVAC Industry

by Blog
AHR 2025 logo sign at the entrance of the Orlando conference, welcoming attendees from the HVAC industry.
ASHRAE logo displayed at AHR 2025 conference, highlighting the organization’s leadership in HVAC and indoor air quality standards.

The AHR 2025 conference in Orlando was an unparalleled experience for CASPR Technologies, bringing together industry leaders, innovators, and professionals from across the HVAC sector. The event served as the perfect platform for us to connect with experts, exchange ideas, and demonstrate how CASPR’s advanced technology is setting new standards for Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Conversations throughout the event reaffirmed what we already knew—IAQ is no longer an afterthought. It has become a fundamental pillar of HVAC system design, implementation, and maintenance. As regulatory standards continue to evolve and awareness grows, HVAC professionals are seeking proven, data-driven solutions that ensure both safety and efficiency in every environment. Our team at CASPR Technologies was proud to be at the forefront of these discussions, driving innovation and education within the industry.  


The HVAC Industry is Bigger Than Ever 

AHR 2025 was a testament to the rapid growth and innovation happening within the HVAC industry. Walking the show floor, we were immersed in an environment that showcased the scale, diversity, and impact of the industry’s evolution. With thousands of exhibitors and attendees, it was clear that HVAC is a driving force behind healthier, more efficient indoor environments. The range of technologies on display—from cutting-edge filtration systems to AI-driven building automation—reinforced how IAQ is now woven into the very fabric of HVAC innovation. Whether in large-scale commercial applications, residential solutions, or specialized healthcare settings, there is an increasing demand for smarter, more effective air quality solutions. CASPR Technologies’ role in this landscape was undeniable, as we demonstrated how our continuous disinfection technology is revolutionizing the way air and surfaces are treated for safety and cleanliness. 


Indoor Air Quality Takes Center Stage 

One of the most notable shifts at AHR 2025 was the undeniable mainstream focus on IAQ. In past years, IAQ was often viewed as an added benefit—something to consider after primary HVAC functionalities were addressed. This year, however, it was front and center in every conversation. Whether discussing air purification, improved filtration, or next-generation pathogen treatment, professionals across the board recognized that effective IAQ solutions are essential for occupant health and safety. 

Moreover, we had the opportunity to engage with engineers, facility managers, and industry decision-makers who were all eager to learn how they could integrate validated, long-term IAQ solutions into their existing systems. Our team emphasized the importance of maintaining both air and surface cleanliness, as pathogen mitigation strategies must go beyond traditional approaches to create truly safe indoor environments. As regulatory bodies continue to set stricter standards for indoor air quality, it’s clear that data-backed, continuously active solutions like CASPR’s are becoming a necessity rather than an option. 

CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025 Takeaways: The Growing Importance of Pathogen Treatment 

At AHR 2025, pathogen treatment emerged as one of the most pressing topics in IAQ discussions, highlighting a growing industry-wide realization: true disinfection goes beyond air filtration—it must also address surface contamination. While traditional HVAC solutions have focused primarily on airborne pollutants, there is now an increasing demand for comprehensive, real-time mitigation strategies that tackle both airborne and surface-borne pathogens. 

As awareness grows around the role of pathogens in indoor environments, industry professionals are actively seeking proven solutions that don’t just capture contaminants but actively neutralize them. CASPR Technologies’ continuous disinfection technology captured the attention of engineers, facility managers, and HVAC specialists alike, who recognize that passive filtration alone is no longer enough. The ability to provide ongoing, automated pathogen reduction—without the use of chemicals or manual intervention—is becoming a critical requirement for modern IAQ strategies. 

Pathogen mitigation is no longer a reactive measure—it’s a proactive necessity. Schools, hospitals, commercial buildings, and residential spaces alike are prioritizing IAQ solutions that offer real-time, continuous protection against bacteria, viruses, and mold. Professionals expressed a strong desire for technologies that are not only validated by scientific data but also seamlessly integrate into existing HVAC systems without requiring costly modifications or downtime. 

The consensus was clear: effective, real-time pathogen mitigation is no longer just a competitive advantage—it’s an essential component of any serious IAQ strategy. As regulations tighten and industry standards evolve, there is a heightened expectation for continuous, scientifically backed solutions that can proactively reduce pathogens in the air and on surfaces. 

ASHRAE 241 and the Need for More Data 

A crucial industry discussion at AHR 2025 centered around ASHRAE 241, a new standard designed to provide guidelines for pathogen mitigation in indoor environments. While there is a growing push for IAQ advancements, one major challenge remains—the lack of published data for many existing technologies. Industry leaders stressed the importance of transparency in testing, safety validation, and efficacy reporting to ensure that businesses and consumers can make informed decisions about the technologies they implement. 

“I was surprised to find out how little people knew about IAQ standards and how a lot of the industry has no testing,” stated CASPR Representative Roberto Bonilla. 

CASPR Technologies has long been committed to setting the benchmark for industry standards. As part of our mission to deliver scientifically validated solutions, CASPR was the first technology to be tested for both safety and efficiency under ASHRAE 241 standards. This commitment to data-driven innovation positions CASPR Technologies as a trusted leader in the IAQ space, providing stakeholders with real, measurable results that demonstrate the true impact of our technology. 

CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025: A Packed Room and Engaging Conversations 

One of the highlights for CASPR Technologies at AHR 2025 was the overwhelming turnout for our paper presentation, ‘Assessing Indoor Air Quality in a Comparative Study Among ASHRAE Ventilation Standards Compared to a Control with a Continuous Active In-Room Air Cleaning Device.’  With over 120 industry professionals in attendance, the room was filled with engineers, facility managers, and HVAC experts eager to dive deeper into IAQ advancements. 

The level of engagement and thoughtful questions from attendees reinforced that IAQ is no longer an afterthought—it’s a critical priority for the industry. Throughout the presentation, we discussed the importance of data-driven decision-making in IAQ solutions and how continuous active air cleaning devices can complement ASHRAE ventilation standards. The discussions that followed were not only insightful but also highlighted the growing demand for validated, real-world data on the effectiveness of air purification technologies. 

Many professionals expressed keen interest in how CASPR’s continuous disinfection solutions could be integrated into their existing HVAC systems to enhance air quality and pathogen mitigation. The enthusiasm and dialogue that emerged from this session demonstrated the need for transparent testing, standardized guidelines, and proven results in IAQ technology—something CASPR is committed to delivering. 

AHR 2025 provided the perfect platform to engage with industry leaders and share groundbreaking research, and we’re excited to continue these conversations as we push the boundaries of IAQ innovation. 

Innovation at Every Level 

Innovation in HVAC isn’t just about upgrading large-scale systems—it’s about refining and enhancing every individual component to create a more efficient and effective IAQ strategy. From advanced sensors that monitor air quality in real time to next-generation filtration technologies that capture even the smallest particulates, the industry is experiencing a wave of breakthroughs designed to optimize air circulation, purification, and disinfection. Engineers and manufacturers are focusing on smarter, more adaptable solutions that integrate seamlessly into both new and existing HVAC infrastructures, making high-quality indoor air more accessible than ever before. These advancements are not just about compliance with evolving standards—they are about fundamentally reshaping how we think about air quality in homes, offices, hospitals, and public spaces. 

At CASPR Technologies, we are thrilled to be part of this movement, pioneering continuous disinfection technology that works in tandem with HVAC systems to ensure that indoor environments remain as safe and healthy as possible. Unlike traditional air treatment methods that rely on passive filtration alone, our technology actively neutralizes pathogens in the air and on surfaces, providing a comprehensive approach to IAQ improvement. Whether it’s for schools, healthcare facilities, commercial spaces, or residential buildings, our goal is to make clean, purified air the standard, not the exception. By pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in HVAC and IAQ innovation, CASPR Technologies is committed to shaping the future of indoor air quality—one breakthrough at a time. 

 

CASPR Technologies AHR 2025: A Successful Event with a Bright Future 

Reflecting on our experience at AHR 2025, one thing is clear—the future of IAQ has never been stronger. The sheer level of interest, engagement, and collaboration we witnessed at the event speaks to the growing demand for innovative air quality solutions. The industry is evolving rapidly, and businesses are prioritizing health-focused, sustainable technologies more than ever before. 

For CASPR Technologies, this event was more than just an opportunity to showcase our technology—it was a chance to be part of an industry-wide movement towards better, safer indoor environments. The connections we made, the conversations we had, and the enthusiasm we witnessed all point to an exciting future for IAQ innovation. 

To everyone who stopped by our booth, attended our presentation, and engaged with us in meaningful discussions—thank you. Your passion and curiosity inspire us to continue pushing the boundaries of what’s possible in IAQ and HVAC technology. We look forward to the future, knowing that together, we can redefine indoor air quality and make every indoor space a safer place to live and work. 

 

Modern convention center with spacious exhibition halls, designed to support healthy indoor air quality through advanced ventilation and air monitoring systems.

Designing for Indoor Air Quality: VOCs, Particulate Matter, and Pathogens

by Insights

The Indoor Air Quality Challenges of Exhibition Spaces 

During a recent visit to a large convention center, I spoke with the engineering team about their indoor air quality challenges. One engineer highlighted a unique issue: installing thousands of yards of new carpet for exhibitions leads to significant VOC surges. We explored solutions ranging from temporary space purges with outside air to systematic design approaches for continuous VOC reduction. 

Automated Responses to Environmental Contaminants 

This scenario illustrates a broader application for commercial spaces. Modern buildings can integrate VOC sensors with Building Automation Systems (BAS) to trigger automated responses to environmental changes. These sensors are readily available and easily incorporated into BAS to manage contamination events effectively. 

ASHRAE Guideline 44 addresses this concept in relation to outdoor contaminants like wildfire smoke—where the appropriate response is often to reduce rather than increase outside air intake. Similarly, particulate matter from wildfires can be monitored with sensors that adjust ventilation and recirculation rates accordingly. 

Design Standards for Normal Conditions 

Buildings can be designed with static environmental standards to address “normal” VOC and particulate levels. The ASHRAE 62.1 Indoor Air Quality Procedure (IAQP), compared to the Ventilation Rate Procedure (VRP), offers a more precise and often more energy-efficient approach to maintaining acceptable indoor air quality under standard conditions—assuming no unexpected external contaminants. 

The Pathogen Challenge 

But what happens when the contaminant is anticipated but not easily detectable? Pathogens like H1N1 influenza present a different challenge than VOCs and particulates because they cannot be detected by conventional sensors, making automated BAS responses impossible. 

Designers must therefore implement either: 

  • A strategy that building owners can manually activate in response to increased pathogen concerns 
  • Systems that continuously provide enhanced protection against pathogen transmission between occupants. 

Forward-Looking Indoor Air Quality Solutions 

ASHRAE Standard 241, which we’ve explored in previous discussions, provides guidance for emergency responses to airborne contagions. This standard serves as a valuable resource for designers aiming to create safer, more resilient buildings. 

By considering both everyday air quality concerns and pathogen transmission risks, we can design spaces that protect occupant health under various conditions while maintaining energy efficiency. Want to learn more? Reach out below to get more information from the CASPR team.